Abstract

Synthesis of Nanomaterials: "In other words, this is a top-down approach. Through this method, nanoparticles having magnetic and catalytic capabilities have been fabricated. Ball milling and subsequent annealing are simple ways for producing vast amounts of varied Nano powders. Atomic-level alloying is accomplished by the milling of elemental blends, pre-alloyed powders, and ceramics. Put four balls made of hardened steel in a stainless steel container with some graphite powder. The "Argon gas is used to purge the container (Shah and Ahmad, 2010). The pieces are annealed at 1400°C in a vacuum after undergoing extensive grinding. There has been no breakthrough in understanding the mechanism behind this procedure. According to this idea, mechanical alloying involves a process in which "Ball impacts repeatedly shatter an alloy and then cause it to consolidate at the impact site. Manufacturing Mg2Ni since then has included a solid-state mechanical alloying technique using powdered components (Iturbe-Garca et al, 2010). Nanoscale materials have garnered a lot of interest because to the fact that their unusual physical properties set them apart significantly from their more common coarser equivalents (Mandal et al., 2008, Deb et al., 2001). These micro-sized items are larger than atoms and molecules but much smaller than solid blocks. Just because "because they violate the laws and principles of absolute quantum chemistry and classical physics. Nano-phase and nanostructure materials are essential building blocks in many fields, including electronics, due to their ultra-small dimensions, large surface areas, useful interfacial defects, and interface-dominated nature "as well as in the fields of optics, pharma, paint, coating, superconductors, semiconductors, and catalysis. Dye and pigment consumption has increased dramatically in recent years (Dong et al., 2011, Zhou et al., 2010). Dye waste is a well-known environmental pollutant, and some of it is toxic or even carcinogenic (Wang et al., 2005, Zhu et al., 2012). These colours are very apparent in water even at very low concentrations and should be avoided (Hu et al., 2010). Chromophores are what give a molecule its colour, while auxochromes are what make it more water-soluble and increase its affinity "these two elements are the primary reason why molecules of colour may exist (Gupta et al., 2009)

Keywords

• Semiconductors,
• Nano-Structure Materials,
• Atoms and Molecules

References

• Abd El-Latif, M. M., Ibrahim, A. M., and El-Kady, M. F., “Adsorption Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using biopolymer oak sawdust composite,” J. American Sci., 6, 267-283 (2010) .
• Abdullayev, E., Sakakibara, K., Okamoto, K., Wei, W., Ariga, K., and Lvov, Y., “Natural Tubule Clay Template Synthesis of Silver Nanorods for Antibacterial Composite Coating,” Appl. Mater. Inter., 3, 4040–4046 (2011).
• Acemioglu, B., “Adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution onto calcium-rich fly ash,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 274, 371–379 (2004).
• Afkhami, A., and Moosavi, R., “Adsorptive removal of Congo red, a carcinogenic textile dye, from aqueous solutions by maghemite nanoparticles,” J. Hazard. Mater., 174, 398-403 (2010).
• Agarwal, S., Wendorff, J. H.,and Greiner, A., “Use of electrospinning technique for biomedical applications,” Polymer 49, 5603–5621 (2008).
• Ahn, B. W., and Kang, T. J., “Preparation and characterization of magnetic nanofibers with iron oxide nanoparticles and Poly (ethylene terephthalate)”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 125, 1567- 1575 (2012).
• Akbari, B., Tavandashti, M. P., and Zandrahimi, M., “Particle Size Characterization of Nanoparticles – A Practical Approach,” IJMSE 8, 48-56 (2011).
• Bouslama, M., Amamra, M. C., Jia, Z., Amar, M. B., Chhor, K., Brinza, O., Abderrabba, M., Vigens, J.-L., and Kanaev, A., “Nanoparticulate TiO2- Al2O3 photocatalytic media: effect of particle size and polymorphism on photocatalytic activity”, ACS Catal., 2, 1884- 1892 (2012).
• Braga, T. P., Vasconcelos, I. F., Sasaki, J. M., Fabris, J. D., deOliveira, D. Q. L., and Valentini, A., “Magnetic composites based on hybrid spheres of aluminium oxide and superparamagnetic nanoparticles of iron oxides,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 322, 633– 637 (2010).
• Bulut, E., Ozacar, M.,˙and Sengil, I. A., “Equilibrium and kinetic data and process design for adsorption of Congo red onto bentonite,” J. Hazard. Mater., 154, 613–622 (2008).
• Byrappa, K., Yoshimura, M., “Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology”, Pub: William Andrew, (2012).
• Cai, W., Hu, Y., Chen, J., Zhang G., and Xia, T., “Synthesis of nanorod-like mesoporous γ- Al2O3 with enhanced affinity towards Congo red removal: Effects of anions and structure-directing agents,” Cryst. Eng. Comm., 14, 972-977 (2012).
• Cai, W., Yu J., Gu, S., and Jaroniec, M., “Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hierarchical Boehmite: Sulfate-Mediated Transformation from Nanoflakes to Hollow Microspheres,” Cryst. Growth & Des., 10, 3977-3982 (2010).
• Cai, W., Yu, J., and Jaroniec, M., “Template-free synthesis of hierarchical spindle-like γ- Al2O3 materials and their adsorption affinity towards organic and inorganic pollutants,” J. Mater. Chem., 20, 4587–4594 (2010).
• Cannas, C., Musinu, A., Peddis, D., Piccaluga, G., “New synthesis of ferrite-silica nanocomposites by a sol-gel auto-combustion”, J. Nanopart. Res., 6, 223- 232 (2004).
• Cao, C. Y., Qu, J., Yan, W. S., Zhu, J. F., Wu, Z. Y., and Song, W. G., “Low-cost synthesis of flowerlike α-Fe2O3 nanostructures for heavy metal ion removal: adsorption property and mechanism,” Langmuir., 28, 4573-4579 (2012).
• Dai, Y., Liu, W., Formo, E., Sun, Y., and Xia, Y., “Ceramic nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning and their applications in catalysis, environmental science, and energy technology,” Polym. Adv. Technol., 22, 326–338 (2011).
• Darzi, S. J., and Mahjoub, A. R., “Investigation of phase transformations and photocatalytic properties of sol–gel prepared nanostructured ZnO/TiO2 composites,” J. Alloys Compds., 486, 805–808 (2009).
• Das, M. R., Sarma, R. K., Saikia, R., Kale,V. S., Shelke, M. V., and Sengupta, P., “Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in an aqueous suspension of graphene oxide sheets and its antimicrobial activity,” Colloid. and Surf B., 83, 16–22 (2011).
• Davis, S. R., Brough, A. R., and Atkinson, A., “Formation of silica/epoxy hybrid network polymers,” J. Non-Crystalline Solids., 315, 197-205 (2003).
• Dawood, S., and Sen, T. K., “Removal of anionic dye Congo red from aqueous solution by raw pine and acid-treated pine cone powder as adsorbent: Equilibrium, thermodynamic, kinetics, mechanism and process design,” Water Res., 46, 1933-1946 (2012).
• Deb, P., Basumallick, A., Chatterjee, P., and Sengupta, S.P., “Preparation of an α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles from a Nonaqueous Precursor Medium,” Script Materialia., 45, 341-346 (2001).
• Deng, Y. H., Wang, C. C., Hu, J. H., Yang, W. L., and Fu, S. K., “Investigation of formation of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles via sol-gel approach”, Colloids Surf., A, 262, 87- 93, (2005).
• Francis, L., Giunco, F., Balakrishnan, A., and Marsano, E., “Synthesis, characterization and mechanical properties of nylon–silver composite nanofibers prepared by electrospinning,” Curr.Appl.Phys., 10, 1005–1008 (2010).
• Fung, Y-L E., and Wang, H., “Investigation of reinforcement of porous alumina by nickel aluminate spinel for its use as ceramic membrane,” J. Membr. Sci., 444, 252–258 (2013).
• Gangwar, J., Dey, K. K., Komal, Praveen, Tripathi, S. K., and Srivastava, A. K., “Microstructure, phase formations and optical bands in nanostructured alumina,” Adv. Mat. Lett., 6, 402-408 (2011).
• Gao-feng, F., Jing, W., and Jian, K., “Influence of AlF3 and hydrothermal conditions on morphologies of α-Al2O3”, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 18, 743- 748 (2008).
• Ge, S., Shi, X., Sun, K., Li, C., Uher, C., Baker, J. R. Jr., Holl, M. M. B., and Orr, B. G., “Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Tunable Magnetic Properties,” J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 13593–13599 (2009).
• Goergen, S., Yin, C., Yang, M., Lee, B., Lee, S., Wang, C., Wu, P., Boucher, M. B., Kwon, G., Seifert, S., Winans, R. E., Vajda, S., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M., “Structure sensitivity of oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane over FeOx and Au/Fe3O4 nanocrystals,” Catalysis., 3, 529-539 (2013).
• Hoskins, C., Min, Y., Gueorguieva, M., McDougall, C., Volovick, A., Prentice, P., Wang, Z., Melzer, A., Cuschieri A., and Wang, L., “Hybrid gold-iron oxide nanoparticles as a multifunctional platform for biomedical application,” Hoskins et al. J. Nanobiotechnology., 10, 27 (2012).
• Hu, J., Song, Z., Chen, L., Yang, H., Li, J., and Richards, R., “Adsorption Properties of MgO
• (111) Nanoplates for the Dye Pollutants from Wastewater,” J. Chem. Eng. Data., 55, 3742-3748 (2010).
• Hua, M., Zhang, S., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Lv, L., and Zhang, Q., “Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: A review,” J. Hazard. Mater., 211-212, 317-331 (2012).
• Huang, P. X., Wu, F., Zhu, B. L., Gao, X. P., Zhu, H. Y., Yan, T. Y., Huang, W. P., Wu, S.
• H., and Song, D. Y., “CeO2 Nanorods and Gold Nanocrystals Supported on CeO2 Nanorods as Catalyst,” J. Phys. Chem. B., 109, 19169-19174 (2005).
• Khaleel, A., Shehadi, I., and Al-Shamisi, “Nanostructured chromium-iron mixed oxides: Physicochemical properties and catalytic activity”, Colloids Surf., A, 355, 75- 82 (2010).
• Kharlamova, M. V., Sapoletova, N. A., Eliseev, A. A., and Lukashin, A. V., Optical Properties of g-Ferric Oxide Nanoparticles in a Mesoporous Silica Matrix, Tech Phys Lett+., 34, 288–291 (2008).
• Kim, J., Kim, J., Kim, J., and Kim K. H., “Characterization of as-synthesized FeCo magnetic nanoparticles by coprecipitation method,” J. Appl. Phys., 113, 17A313 (2013).
• Kim, J.S. Kuk, E., Yu, K. N., Lee, H. J., Jeong, D. H., and Cho, M. H., “Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles,” Nano: Nanotech, Bio andMed., 3, 95– 101 (2007).
• Kim, K. D., Kim, S. S., and Kim, H. T., “Formation and characterization of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles by sol-gel method”, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 11, 584- 589 (2005).
• Kim, T. H., Park, C., Yang, J., and Kim, S., “Comparison of disperse and reactive dye removals by chemical coagulation and Fenton oxidation,” J. Hazard. Mater. B., 112, 95–103 (2004).
• Li, L., Chu, Y., Liu, Y., and Dong, L., “Template-free synthesis and photocatalytic properties of novel Fe2O3 hollow spheres” J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 2123- 2127 (2007).
• Li, N., Xiao, Y., Xu, C., Li, H., and Yang, X., “Facile Preparation of Polyaniline Nanoparticles via Electrodeposition for Supercapacitors,” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8, 1181–1188 (2013).
• Masue, Y., Loeppert, R. H., and Kramer, T. A., “Arsenate and Arsenite Adsorption and Desorption Behavior on Co-precipitated Aluminum: Iron Hydroxides,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 837 -842 (2007).
• Mathiazhagan, A., and Joseph, R., “Nanotechnology-A New Prospective in Organic Coating–Review,” Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl., 2, 225-237 (2011)
• Park, Y. K., Tadd, E. H., Zubris, M., and Tannenbaum, R., “Size-controlled synthesis of alumina nanoparticles from aluminum alkoxides,” Mater. Res. Bull., 40, 1506–1512 (2005).
• Suchanek, W. L., Garces, J. M., Fulvio, P. F., and Jaroniec, M., “Hydrothermal Synthesis and Surface Characteristics of Novel Alpha Alumina Nanosheets with Controlled Chemical Composition,” Chem. Mater. 22, 6564–6574 (2010)
• Sun, Y-P., Li, X-Q., Cao, J., Zhang, W-X., and Wang, H. P., “Characterization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles,” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 120, 47–56 (2006).
• Tadic, M., Markovic, D., Spasojevic, V., Kusigerski, V., Remskar, M., Pirnat, J., and Jaglicic, Z., “Synthesis and magnetic properties of concentrated α- Fe2O3 in a silica matrix”, J. Alloys Compd., 44, 291- 296 (2007).
• Tadjarodi, A., Kerdari H., and Imani. M., “Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorption Capability of CdO Microstructure for Congo Red from Aqueous Solution, JNS 2, 9-17 (2012).
• Wang, H., Xu X., Zhang, J., and Li, C., “A Cost-Effective Co-precipitation Method for Synthesizing Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles without Chlorine Contamination,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 26, 1037-1040 (2010).
• Wang, J., Lin, M., Yan, Y., Wang, Z., Ho, P. C., and Loh, K. P., “CdSe/AsS Core-Shell Quantum Dots: Preparation and Two-Photon Fluorescence,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 11300-11301 (2009).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.