Abstract

Flagellates are a diverse group of single-celled organisms that have one or more whip-like structures called flagella, which they use for movement. Some flagellates have a plant-like mode of exchange, while others have an animal-like mode of exchange. Flagellates with a plant-type exchange are photosynthetic, meaning they can produce their own food through photosynthesis. This process involves using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Examples of flagellates with a plant-type exchange include Euglena and Chlamydomonas. Euglena is a freshwater flagellate that has both plant-like and animal-like characteristics. It has chloroplasts, which allow it to carry out photosynthesis and produce its own food, but it also has a primitive mouth that it uses to ingest other organisms when light is scarce. Euglena can switch between these two modes of exchange depending on the availability of light and nutrients. Chlamydomonas is another freshwater flagellate that is primarily photosynthetic. It is a unicellular green algae that has a single chloroplast and a single flagellum. Chlamydomonas is an important model organism for studying photosynthesis and cell biology.

Keywords

• ANIMAL,
• PLANT

References

• Roper, C. F., Vecchione, M., & Finn, J. K. (2010). The cephlapods of the world: A catalogue of the systematics, distribution and biology of the world's living cephalopods. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Mäthger, L. M., & Hanlon, R. T. (2006). Malleable skin coloration in cephalopods: selective reflectance, transmission and absorbance of light by chromatophores and iridophores. Cell and tissue research, 323(1), 149-162.
• Packard, A., Sanders, G., & Hochberg, F. (2014). Cephalopods and their relatives: A comprehensive guide to cephalopod biology and care. TFH Publications.
• Williams, R. (2017). Cephalopods: A world guide. CRC Press.
• Rodhouse, P. G., Pierce, G. J., Nichols, O. C., Sauer, W. H., Arkhipkin, A. I., Laptikhovsky, V. V., ... & Zhou, X. (2014). Environmental effects on cephalopod population dynamics: implications for management of fisheries. Advances in marine biology, 67, 99-233.
• Villanueva, R., & Norman, M. D. (2008). Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 46, 105-202.
• Fiorito, G., Affuso, A., Anderson, D. B., Basil, J., Bonnaud, L., Botta, G., ... & Grasso, F. (2014). Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs. Invertebrate Neuroscience, 14(1), 13-36.
• Hanlon, R. T. (2007). Cephalopod dynamic camouflage. Current Biology, 17(11), R400-R404.
• Mather, J. A., & Anderson, R. C. (2017). Ethics and invertebrates: a cephalopod perspective. ILAR journal, 58(1), 38-45.
• Cartron, J. L. E., & Cárdenas, M. A. (2019). Cephalopod fisheries and their management in Mexico. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 27(1), 102-114.
• Hoving, H. J., &Laptikhovsky, V. (2019). Cephalopod biology and fisheries in Europe: the present and future of cephalopod science and research. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 27(1), 1-10.
• Allcock, L., &Rodhouse, P. (2014). Cephalopod biodiversity, ecology and evolution: a short review. Marine biodiversity, 44(4), 583-587.
• Hanlon, R. T., & Messenger, J. B. (2014). Cephalopod behavior. Cambridge University Press.
• Roper, C. F., Vecchione, M., & Finn, J. K. (2010). The cephlapods of the world: A catalogue of the systematics, distribution and biology of the world's living cephalopods. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Mäthger, L. M., & Hanlon, R. T. (2006). Malleable skin coloration in cephalopods: selective reflectance, transmission and absorbance of light by chromatophores and iridophores. Cell and tissue research, 323(1), 149-162.
• Packard, A., Sanders, G., & Hochberg, F. (2014). Cephalopods and their relatives: A comprehensive guide to cephalopod biology and care. TFH Publications.
• Williams, R. (2017). Cephalopods: A world guide. CRC Press.
• Rodhouse, P. G., Pierce, G. J., Nichols, O. C., Sauer, W. H., Arkhipkin, A. I., Laptikhovsky, V. V., ... & Zhou, X. (2014). Environmental effects on cephalopod population dynamics: implications for management of fisheries. Advances in marine biology, 67, 99-233.
• Villanueva, R., & Norman, M. D. (2008). Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 46, 105-202.
• Fiorito, G., Affuso, A., Anderson, D. B., Basil, J., Bonnaud, L., Botta, G., ... & Grasso, F. (2014). Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs. Invertebrate Neuroscience, 14(1), 13-36.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.