Abstract

In the past quarter of a century, there has been a significant increase in the clinical and empirical attention placed on traumatic incidents. Even though humans have been able to endure traumatic situations for ages, there has been a significant advance in the scientific knowledge of trauma in recent history. The individual impacts of trauma on the main victim, or the person who was there during the traumatic event, are the subject of a significant portion of the research and writing that has been done on trauma and posttraumatic stress (Herman, 1997; van der Kolk, McFarlane, & Weisaeth, 1996). The treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) has been the predominant focus in the trauma literature. PTSD is a disorder that, by definition, focuses on the intrapersonal effects of traumatic events on the individual trauma survivor.

Keywords

• PTSD,
• posttraumatic,
• impacts of trauma

References

• Almedina, N. S. & Milena, J. M. (2014). Correlation between domestic violence against women and neuroticism. Sanamed, 9(3),
• American Psychological Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
• Bell, M. E., Cattaneo, L. B., Goodman, L. A., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Assessing the risk of future psychological abuse: Predicting the accuracy of battered women’s predictions. Journal of Family of Violence, 23.
• Bockers, E., Roepke, S., Michael, L., Renneberg, B., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2014). Risk recognition, attachment anxiety, self-efficacy, and dissociation predict revictimization. PLoS ONE, 9(9).
• Breakwell, G. M. (2007). The psychology of risk. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Carney, M. M. & Barner, J. R. (2012). Prevalence of partner abuse: rates of emotional abuse and control. Partner Abuse, 3(3), 286-335.
• Cattaneo, L. B., Bell, M. E., Goodman, L. A., & Dutton, M. A. (2007). Intimate partner violence victims’ accuracy in assessing their risk of re-abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 429-240.
• Classen, C. C., Palesh, O. G., & Aggarwal, R. (2005). Sexual revictimization: a review of the empirical literature. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 6, 103–129.
• Cloitre, M. & Rosenberg, A. (2006). Sexual revictimization: Risk factors and prevention. In V.
• Connor-Smith, J. K., Henning, K., Moore, S., & Holdford, R. (2011). Risk assessments by female victims of intimate partner violence: Predictors of risk perceptions and comparison to an actuarial measure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2517- 2550.
• Diemer, M. A., Mistry, R. S., Wadsworth, M. E., Lopez, I., & Reimers, F. (2013). Analyses of social issues and public policy, 13(1), 77-113.
• Dutton, M. A. (2003). Determinants and social context of battered women’s threat appraisal. Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Chicago.
• Fargo, J. D. (2009). Pathways to Adult Sexual Revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(11), 1771-1791.
• Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Zang, Y., Zhong, J., Powers, M. B., Kauffman, B. Y., Rauch, S., Porter, K., & Knowles, K. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5 (PDS-5). Psychological Assessment, 28(10), 1166-1171.
• Fortier, M. A., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T. L., Peugh, J., DeNardi, K. A., & Gaffey, K. J., 2009. Severity of child sexual abuse and revictimization: The mediating role of coping and trauma symptoms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33, 308-320.
• Gidycz, C. A., McNamara, J. R., & Edwards, K. M. (2006). Women’s risk perception andsexual victimization: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior,11, 441-456.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.