ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ANDONI LGA, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

Energy drives the economy of the world but its exploitation, could have far reaching impact. The focus of study is Andoni Local Government environmental data base and its oil and gas exploitation impact. The name Andoni is derived from the great river “Okwan Obolo” which the Ijaw toponym describe as “Idoni Toru”, the Portuguese call the same river Rio ‘Desan Domingos’ while the Dutch call it “river Loitombia”. The vegetation of the area is equatorial forest, followed by mangrove transition zone and the beach sand secondary vegetation at the coast and back swamps. Key among the biodiversities are the elephants, sea turtle, python and hippopotami by Niger Delta Environmental Survey. The average rain fall is 4035 ± 200MM annually. The Tidal range is 1.83m at spring time, but 0.76m at neap tide.  The average temperature is 27± 5˚C and 80± 20 as relative humidity from dry season to rainy season. The geology is indicative of fluviolagonal deposit. The wind speed is 5-15m/s depending on the seasons. The average exposure rate from radiation (ʯRh-1) is 15.53 ± 2.15 as against world average of 13.0. The absorbed dose rate is 135.1 ± 5.14 as against 60.0 world average. The energy potentials is 96 oil wells from 7 multinational firms, which makes the Obolo study area significant.


INTRODUCTION
Environmental physics which is the study domain is applied physics, with emphasis on radiation, sound, material resources and the impact of human activities on the changing natural equilibrium of the earth. The physics behind the change is derivable from Einstein equation E=mc 2 where E = energy, M=mass and C = velocity of light. The physics behind the restoration is derivable from the principles of renewable energy and bio-mass given by: chlorophyll 6H 2 O + 6 c O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 Sunlight The principles of conservation is derivable from the second law of thermodynamics which states that: δ Q = δ U + δ W

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND STUDIES VOLUME02ISSUE04
δ Q = heat loss in a system, δU = heat gain by the system. and δw = work done in the system such as our environment.
The impact sources which are both anthropogenic i.e deforestation, or excessive lumbering, use of undersize nets, and dynamite in fishing, plus local or modular refineries without waste treatment are capable of adverse effect on the environment. The major impact from the 7 multinational firms which ranges from seismic phase, to access road, drilling phase, pipe laying across virgin bush and mangrove, oil spillages, gas flaring, and gas blow cannot be emphasized as establishment in the radiation index of sediment.
These multinational firms include:

METHODS
The research method is participatory field appraisal, Chambers (1994) NDES (1997, physical probing, insitu measurement and review studies where applicable from ministry of environment and past environmental study report. The results are as shown. Figure 1 showing oil fields in the Niger delta including Andoni Obolo the study site. Table 1 showing that Nigerian oil has possibly depleted to 18% from British Petroleum (2001). Unit 1-5 shows the Obolo environmental base line while table 2 shows the mean exposure rate of radio-nuclide in Andoni, further impact finding is as reflected on fig. 4 and fig. 5.

RESULTS AND DISCUSION
The result is split into six headings extracted from the study site.

Natural Vegetation
A North-South transepts of the study area shows that, it has the rain forests zone in the North, followed by beautiful mud-flats of shallow Navigable creeks with rich benthic communities, followed by the mangrove transition zone. After the mangrove transition zone, we progress into the Ikuru: Ngo barrier island forest which is a network of alternate back swamps and the thick equatorial forest ridge, separating the mangrove zone from the barrier beach sand vegetation at the coast.

BIODIVERSITY
This region is very rich in endemic species which take refuge in the seasonally flooded back swamps. There are 11 such swamps by recent survey although major forest users like Mr. Dike Bebe Ita of Ikuru town claimed 17 which implies that 6 of them are already silted up due to eutriphication associated with domestic and industrial activities on the sharks-shaped barrier island forest of Ikuru and Ngo in Andoni. The creeks also has various threat of nypapalm "an exotic palm brought to Ikot-Abassi by the colonial administrators in the 1800s". The surviving of

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species endemic to the region include: Elephant, sea turtle, python, crocodile, hippotemi and sea birds Powel (SPDC 1995, NDES 1997.

CLIMATE
The climate is of the equatorial rain forest type with rainfall almost all through the year: The precipitation is about 4000mm (±100 mm) which implies that if we open the roof of our room and make it water tight, the rainfall at the end of the year will fill the room to over flowing. The prevailing wind is South-West and the wind speeds ranges from 5m/s to 25m/s in July during storms. During this period of storm the waves crest is about 3 to 7 meters high on the continental shelf. The temperature is greatly moderated by sea and records an average of 2.7± 5°C during the hammarttan in December and 33°C ± 2°C during the early rains in March.

Tidal Records
The tidal records is as shown below Mean High Water Spring tide = 1.95m Mean Low water spring tide = 0.12m Mean high water neap tide = 1.46m Mean low water neap tide = 0.7m This spring tide which the Obolo man calls 'mun-ille' and the neap tide which he calls 'mun-ija' has a lot of bearing on the earth rotation relative to the position of the moon and is due to the fluctuatinggravity pull between the two bodies as they align and dis-align. Thus at early moon we have mun-ille with full tide at the early hours of 5.00 a.m and another full tide at 5.00 p.m.

`The Soil and Geology
The regions geologically belong to this part of the Niger Delta geosyncline which filled up during the later quaternary and recent geologic periods. The Hologene sediment and geologic environment is essentially fluviolagoonal deposits and lattoral sand of the beach ridge complex at the Ikuru and Ngo Barrier Island including organic silts and sand associated with the barrier beach.

3.6
Soil/Sediment The physio-chemical characteristics of the soil found along the Imo River which separates Ibono and Eastern Obolo from Andoni Local Government Areas, is as shown in table 2.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The study revealed that the Niger Delta communities are endangered breed and waiting until the oil is depleted to zero is as good as allowing the oil and gas communities to go extinct. The study upheld the UNEP Ogoni clean up but recommend the gesture be extended to all oil producing communities, particularly the Andoni (Obolo) study area who suffers from onshore and offshore production from over 96 oil wells by 7 multinational firms, but the sink to the Ogoni oil spill by the drainage pattern.
The study appreciate the production, empowerment and tourism initiative by Green energy and ANNI but wish the other big multinationals could key in under an integrated approach to recover and embank loss land due erosion to boast development. The most pragmatic approach is the application of physics of critical mass, in nuclear physics, to split Nigeria into 6 green brothers Republic by UN intervention, as recommended by Nte (2018) on peace initiative.